SSC Typing Practice Passage: Climate change and the Indian monsoon

For centuries, life in India has followed the rhythm of the monsoon. Farmers wait for the first showers to begin sowing, rivers swell and refill reservoirs, and the hot dry months give way to green fields. The monsoon brings most of the country's annual rainfall within a few months, and its timing and strength affect food production, drinking water, electricity generation and the overall health of the economy.

Scientists have observed that this familiar pattern is changing. Average temperatures have risen, and heatwaves have become more frequent and more intense in many regions. Rainfall is becoming less evenly spread: long dry spells are often followed by very heavy downpours within a short time. Such extreme rainfall events overwhelm drains and rivers, causing floods and landslides, while dry spells damage standing crops. Rising sea levels and stronger cyclones threaten coastal communities.

These changes are linked to global warming, which is caused mainly by the burning of coal, oil and gas. These fuels release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. Although India's emissions per person remain much lower than those of many developed countries, it is among the countries most exposed to the effects of a warming climate because of its large population and its dependence on agriculture.

Responding to climate change involves two kinds of action. Mitigation means reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, for example by using more renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, expanding public transport and protecting forests. Adaptation means preparing for the changes that are already taking place. Farmers can adopt drought-tolerant seeds, change sowing dates and use water-saving methods such as drip irrigation. Cities can improve drainage, protect lakes and wetlands, and design buildings that stay cooler in summer.

Accurate weather forecasting has become an important tool in adaptation. Improved forecasts and early warnings issued by the India Meteorological Department help farmers plan their work and allow authorities to move people to safety before a cyclone strikes. Crop insurance schemes can protect families against losses caused by extreme weather.

Climate change is a global problem, but its effects are felt in local fields, streets and homes. Every level of society, from international negotiators to village councils, has a role to play in reducing the risks and building a more resilient future.